Leaching and persistence of ametryn and atrazine in red–yellow latosol

This study evaluated the mobility and persistence of atrazine and ametryn in red–yellow latosols using polyvinyl chloride columns with a diameter of 100 mm and a height of 15 cm. The assays simulated 60-mm rainfall events at 10-day intervals for 70 days. The persistence and leaching were evaluated for these two herbicides. The analytes obtained from the samples were quantified by gas chromatography using flame ionization detection. Compared with ametryn, atrazine showed a greater potential to reach depths below 15 cm over 30 days of simulated rain. Ametryn, however, showed greater persistence in soil at 70 days after application. The persistence of atrazine and ametryn in soil under sunlight was 10 and 144 days respectively. Atrazine was more susceptible to sunlight than ametryn because sunlight favored atrazine degradation in hydroxyatrazine. The results indicate that in red–yellow latosol, atrazine has a high leaching potential in short term, but that ametryn is more persistent and has a high leaching potential in long term.     

A Strategic Framework for Responding to Coral Bleaching Events in a Changing Climate

The frequency and severity of mass coral bleaching events are predicted to increase as sea temperatures continue to warm under a global regime of rising ocean temperatures. Bleaching events can be disastrous for coral reef ecosystems and, given the number of other stressors to reefs that result from human activities, there is widespread concern about their future. This article provides a strategic framework from the Great Barrier Reef to prepare for and respond to mass bleaching events. The framework presented has two main inter-related components: an early warning system and assessment and monitoring. Both include the need to proactively and consistently communicate information on environmental conditions and the level of bleaching severity to senior decision-makers, stakeholders, and the public. Managers, being the most timely and credible source of information on bleaching events, can facilitate the implementation of strategies that can give reefs the best chance to recover from bleaching and to withstand future disturbances. The proposed framework is readily transferable to other coral reef regions, and can easily be adapted by managers to local financial, technical, and human resources.     

太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒方法的对比研究

目的 找出太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒方法的特点和价值。方法 基于几种典型的透明高分子材料试样,分别在佛罗里达典型亚热带潮湿环境自然曝晒、汽车外饰实验室氙灯加速耐候试验及亚利桑那太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒黄变结果相关性、加速性和区分度的对比分析,来比较这几种试验方法的特点。结果 户外加速曝晒和自然曝晒的相关性高于氙灯加速试验和自然曝晒的相关性。与自然曝晒相比,户外加速曝晒的平均加速倍率及不同试样的加速倍率的相对差异明显小于氙灯加速试验。自然曝晒和户外加速曝晒的区分度也明显大于实验室氙灯加速试验。结论 户外加速曝晒方法较好地均衡了相关性、加速性、加速一致性及区分度,适合高分子材料的验证性试验。     

太阳光对湖泊中有机污染物降解的研究进展

论述了太阳光对湖泊水体中有机污染物降解作用的研究,就其降解机理、动力学特征、作用对象及降解产物等作了逐一介绍.阐明了太阳光对生物降解湖泊水体中有机污染物具有协同作用,也概述了光降解作用受pH、溶解性有机物(DOM)、水深与水体运动、地理、水文、水质与气候等因素的影响.并对实验室模拟条件下的降解与自然条件下的降解进行对比,提出今后该领域的发展前景与研究方向.     

The condition of coral reefs in South Florida (2000) using coral disease and bleaching as indicators

The destruction of coral reef habitats has occurred at unprecedented levels during the last three decades. Coral disease and bleaching in the Caribbean and South Florida have caused extensive coral mortality with limited recovery, often coral reefs are being replaced with turf algae. Acroporids were once dominant corals and have diminished to the state where they are being considered as endangered species. Our survey assessed the condition of reef corals throughout South Florida. A probability-based design produced unbiased estimates of the spatial extent of ecological condition, measured as the absence or presence and frequency or prevalence of coral diseases and bleaching intensity over large geographic regions. This approach allowed us to calculate a quantifiable level of uncertainty. Coral condition was estimated for 4100 hectares (ha) (or 41.0 km²) of coral reefs in South Florida, including reefs in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), New Grounds, Dry Tortugas National Park (DTNP), and Biscayne National Park (BNP). The absence or presence of coral disease, causal coral bleaching, partial bleaching and coral paling were not good indicators of overall coral condition. It was more useful to report the prevalence of anomalies that indicated a compromised condition at both the population and community levels. For example, 79% of the area in South Florida had less than 6% of the coral colonies diseased, whereas only 2.2% (97.15 ha) of the sampled area had a maximum prevalence of 13% diseased coral colonies at any single location. The usefulness of causal bleaching might be more important when considering the prevalence of each of the three different states at a single location. For example, paling was observed over the entire area, whereas bleaching and partial bleaching occurred at 19 and 41% of the area, respectively. An index for coral reef condition might integrate the prevalence and species affected by each bleaching state at individual locations. By establishing these baselines, future surveys can examine changes and trends in the spatial distribution of coral conditions in South Florida and able to score the reefs as to their health status.     

Biological effects of indoor sunlight in ruraldweling houses

ＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｉｎｄｏｏｒｓｕｎｌｉｇｈｔｉｎｒｕｒａｌｄｗｅｌｉｎｇｈｏｕｓｅｓＣｈｅｎＧｕｉｆｕ，ＱｉｕＳｈｉｃｏｎｇ（ＷａｎｎａｎＭｅｄｉｃａｌＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ，Ｗｕｈｕ２４１００１，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｆｆ...     

两种铝盐处理纸浆CEH漂白废水的混凝特性的研究

运用Ｚｅｔａ电位测定技术研究了聚合铝ＰＡＣ、聚硅铝ＰＳＡ两种不同形态铝盐对漂白废水絮凝反应特性，通过絮凝过程中Ｚｅｔａ电位及傅立叶红外光谱对原水及两种铝盐沉淀物进行了分析，结果表明：吸附架桥为其反应的主要机理，两种铝盐与漂白废水中污染物之间反应均以铝的羟基化合物与漂白废水中氯化木素氢键缔合的形式相结合     

草制浆造纸中段废水处理及回用技术分析研究

中段废水是制浆造纸工业的主要污染源之一，从工程设计的角度出发，对草制浆造纸中段废水处理及回用提出一套可行适用的工艺方案；对主要工艺环节参数、设备备有说明，以供同行借鉴。     

自然光和UV辐照下二级出水DOM及毒性的变化

为了探明自然光和紫外光（UV）对二级处理出水中溶解性有机物（DOM）及其毒性效应的削减特性，研究了在自然光和UV两种不同光源的辐照条件下，二级处理出水中DOM的光谱特性、遗传毒性和植物毒性变化，阐明了毒性效应变化的成因.结果表明：相比于自然光照，UV辐照可以明显降低二级处理出水的UV₂₅₄，并达到21%矿化.自然光和UV均可降低二级处理出水中有色溶解性有机物（CDOM），但去除的组分有所差异.同时，自然光照与UV辐照均可降低二级处理出水的遗传毒性，其削减率分别达到92%和61%.遗传毒性的变化与CDOM荧光强度变化有显著相关性.UV辐照可降低二级处理出水的植物毒性，削减率达到81%，而自然光照对二级处理出水植物毒性的削减率仅为19%，削减效果较差.利用UPLC-MS检测二级出水中的除草剂，发现植物毒性削减的差异主要是由于自然光照下二级处理出水中的阿特拉津降解缓慢，表观降解速率常数为0.0033h^-1；但是UV辐照下二级处理出水中的阿特拉津可快速降解，其表观速率常数为0.2225h^-1.这为污水厂排放水毒性效应控制及生态安全保障提供了一定的依据.     

城市大气稳定度分级模型的研究

应用大气扩散模型计算大气污染物浓度时 ,大气稳定度的确定非常重要。综合考虑气温和总云量与日照强度之间的关系 ,建立了大气稳定度分级的模糊数学法 ;证明了应用该方法求大气稳定度的精度明显高于应用其它方法的精度 ;编写了简单适用的计算机程序 ,大大方便了该模型的应用。